There is no denying the reach of the Geneva Apple Rootstock program at Cornell AgriTech. The numbers say it all.
“I think we have close to 70 million trees planted on Geneva rootstocks around the world,” says Gennaro Fazio, Adjunct Associate Professor of horticulture in Cornell’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. “Typically, we are planting somewhere between 5 million and 7 million trees a year in the U.S. alone.”
Those numbers will grow with the release of three new rootstocks – Geneva 257, Geneva 484 and Geneva 66, all licensed through the Center for Technology Licensing at Cornell after 40 years of testing.
“Geneva rootstocks have become a worldwide phenomenon in apple growing,” says Terence Robinson, Cornell AgriTech Professor of horticulture. “The word ‘Geneva’ is so internationally known when it comes to apples that we’ve branded the program.” Robinson says the three new rootstocks offer something for almost every apple grower.
Geneva 257 is a semi-dwarfing rootstock that imparts large fruit and high crop load in varieties such as ‘SnapDragon’ or ‘Gala’, allowing for more high-density orchards with larger fruit. Geneva 484, another semi-dwarfing rootstock, is also highly productive and yield-efficient.
Fazio calls Geneva 66 a “mixed bag” – it’s a semi-dwarfing, red-leafed and productive rootstock, resistant to fire blight and likely to be popular among cider-apple growers who mechanically harvest their trees.
“These are now part of a stable of rootstocks that growers can pick from for their specific situation,” Robinson says. “If you’ve got sandy soil and you’re an organic grower in Washington, you’re probably going to pick Geneva 484. If you’re an apple cider grower in Vermont and you are going to shake the trees to harvest, you probably want Geneva 66. And certainly if you’re a SnapDragon grower, we are telling them to pick Geneva 257.”
The Geneva Apple Rootstock program dates back to 1968. Fazio and Robinson are quick to credit two of the program’s pioneers: CALS apple rootstock breeder Jim Cummins and plant pathologist Herb Aldwinkle.
“Jim had this idea to develop new rootstocks for apples that could be both dwarfing but also resistant to fire blight,” Robinson adds. “Growers needed a place to go for replanting orchards devastated by fire blight and by cold damage, and these Geneva rootstocks have been sort of a salvation.”
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